Affirmative Action As A Blender, Creating Equality For All...

America has the nickname of â€Å"The Melting Pot,† but melting implies no boundaries. In the U.S., many boundaries between different ethnicities, religions, and minorities still exist. The concept of affirmative action is to act as a blender, creating equality for all people. Affirmative action is encouraged in many different business sectors by the government. Some examples include the Department of Defense strives to award five percent of contracts to minority businesses and institutions, federal home loan banks work to preserve and expand minority-owned banks, the Department of State mandates at least ten percent of amount of funds be allocated to American minority contractors, NASA requires administrators to establish annual goal of at least eight percent of total value of prime contracts and subcontracts awarded to be made to small disadvantaged businesses and minority educational institutions, the FCC must ensure that minority- and women-owned businesses have opportunit y to participate in providing spectrum-based services, the Department of Energy works to achieve five percent of total funds used to carry out national security programs be allocated to minority businesses and institutions, the Department of Transportation requires that not less than ten percent of funds appropriated under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 be expended on small and minority businesses, the Environmental Protection Agency must allocate no less than ten percent of

Online Shopping Website Web Based Systems Project

UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE School of Computer Science Modular BSc Honours in Information Technology 6COM0284 – Web-based Systems Project Final Report April 2015 TITLE OF PROJECT Online Shopping Website Author s initials and surname S.Pourmoafi Supervised by: Mr. Keith Dawkins Table of contents Abstract: 3 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 4 2. INTRODUCTION 5 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 3.1 Background research 9 3.2 Market Research (Existing Online Websites) 10 3.2 The History of E-commerce: 11 3.3 Methodologies 13 3.4 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS 14 3.4.1 Functional Requirement 14 3.4.2 Non- functional requirements 15 4.0 Project Design 16 4.1 Process Model 16 4.1.1. Functional Decomposition Diagram 16 4.1.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) 18 4.1.3 Data Flow Diagram Level 1 19 4.1.4 Use Case Diagram 22 4.1.5 Entity Relationship Diagram 23 4.1.6 State Chart Diagram 25 4.2 Database Design and Database Normalization 26 5.0 HUMAN–COMPUTER INTRACTION (HCI) 27 5.1 Rules of Interface Design 28 5.2 Human Computer Interaction 29 5.3 HCI Design Approaches 34 6.0 WEB PAGE PROGRAMMING OPTIONS 35 6.1 Server -Side Processing 36 6.2 Client-Side Processing 38 6.3 Conclusion 39 7. IMPLEMENTATION TECHNOLOGIES 39 7.1 NOTEPAD ++ 40 7.2 XAMPP 40 7.3 PHP 42 7.4 Authentication in PHP 42 7.5 SQL Injection: 43 7.6 INTEGRATING XAMPP AND WEBSITE 44 7.7 INTEGRATING THE WEBSITE AND DATABASE 45 8. WEB BASED APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT: 45 9. DATABASE CONNECTIVITY: 46 9.1 CONNECTING WEBSITE TO A DATABASE 47 9.2Show MoreRelatedOnline Ordering System1028 Words   |  5 PagesSplurk Tee Website and Ordering System Group: Flip Don Ray Gepulango - Lead Designer/ Grammarian Jeabby Del Mundo - Analyst/Designer Jeric Casumpang – Designer Angelina Provido – Secretary/Treasurer Introduction Lots of T-shirt brands and Clothing Companies have been supporting many kinds of sports since people can remember. In this modern era, more and more teens and adults have been involved in new kinds of sports like BMX riding and Skateboarding. On the popularity of these sportsRead MoreIn This Technology Era, It Is Essential To Have A Web Presence1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthis technology era, it is essential to have a web presence to provide easy and convenient access to the clients. One of the services that is prominent is E-commerce, allowing the business to have a web frontend, which provides the same services as traditional commerce world. 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Dopesmoker by Sleep free essay sample

I would like to start this review by saying: I do NOT condone any usage of drugs of any kind. You can still enjoy Stoner rock and metal naturally. Now that thats out of the way, Sleep is a Stoner/doom metal band from San Jose, California. Having been around for at least twenty years or so, they consist of some of the heaviest, sleepiest and possibly slowest Stoner band around, even more so than say Clutch or Spiritual Beggars. Also they tend to use pot and marijuana to aid in their playing skills. While this is technically a rerecording of the popular album Jerusalem, it seems to be just one, hour long, track that only contains 14 different riffs and a few solos. The lyrics suggest that they are, eh hem, dreaming about a magical Wonderland of what they call Nazareth and sometimes it is blatant. While I do suggest you sit down and just try your best not to fall asleep and listen to every last second, you can use this as some great background music like writing an article like this one . We will write a custom essay sample on Dopesmoker by Sleep or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I personally like it and, heck, without being stoned you can still try to create an atmosphere in your mind or, if you fall asleep, while you sleep. Yeah, the riffing is horrendously slow and clunky, frankly thats the only downside, and a major one too, but it is so powerful and easy to build upon that you just dont care. In fact, if youre lucky, that hour will just wiz by and you wouldnt notice until its over, especially if youre occupying yourself with other tasks like reading, homework, chores, ect. If you like doom metal like Paradise Lost, Forgotten Tomb and Doom Vs. you also have a boost and a better chance of liking what you here because you are used to slow, heavy atmospheres that last a while, exactly what they did here. I give this an 8/10. I am the Grim Reaper, signing off.

Women in Upper Canada an Example by

Women in Upper Canada Generally, in the past, women in Upper Canada lived according to their social classes and most of all, according to the norms that society has dictated on them. Women who possess wealth, power, and influence are relatively treated differently by society as compared to the women who belong to the lower class. Aside from social status, another major factor that determines how women were treated in Upper Canada in the past was their race or color. It is well-known that during that time non-whites were generally considered as the lower forms of human beings while the white people were the superior ones. In the past, those who were not members of the white race or in other words, the minority, were discriminated. However, while the treatment towards minority groups was the same for both genders, the actions of and perceptions toward women was significantly different. Need essay sample on "Women in Upper Canada" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The lives of women in Upper Canada in the past were discussed in Julia Roberts paper A Mixed Assemblage of Persons: Race and Tavern Space in Upper Canada and Kevin Wamsely and Robert Kossuths paper Fighting It Out in Nineteenth Century Upper Canada/Canada West: Masculinities and Physical Challenges in the Tavern. In both papers, the lives of women were depicted particularly through their actions inside a tavern, which was once a nineteenth century rest stop for traveller and colonist, both gentleman and gentlewoman alike (Wamsely great mixture of rank and persons that included women (Roberts, 2002, p. 4). In short, both papers showed that women, regardless of color and social status, were able to enjoy the entertainment, liquor, and relief that a tavern during the nineteenth century provided. However, their actions of women inside the tavern were different mainly because of what society during that time dictated on them. For the purpose of brevity, women can be classified as either rich, such as members of the nobility, or poor, such as the gamblers and alcohol drinkers. During that time there were increasing limitations on public life for urban, married, middle class women (Wamsely physical strength and athleticism were considered to be appropriate characteristics of men only (Wamsely public drinking was indecent for women (Wamsely t exempted. Furthermore, part of the basis of a womans character in Upper Canada was their affiliations to the taverns. During that time, a womans reputation, which includes her employment opportunities, could easily be tainted by their connections to unsavoury public houses (Wamsley & Kossuth, 2000, p. 416) and even lewd behavior. In short, aside from race and social status, it is society that significantly determined the lives of women in Upper Canada in the past. Both readings showed how women were not allowed to perform a lot of activities that men do. It can then be deduced that women were not given the same rights and opportunities that men have. Although this treatment and perception towards women is no longer prevalent today, there are still a lot of instances that women are considered weaker than men not only in Upper Canada but across the globe as well. References Roberts, J. (2002). A Mixed Assemblage of Persons: Race and Tavern Space in Upper Canada. The Canadian Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 1. Wamsely, K. & Kossuth, R. (2000). Fighting It Out in Nineteenth Century Upper Canada/Canada West: Masculinities and Physical Challenges in the Tavern. Journal of Sport History, Vol. 27, No. 3.

Drug Abuse Essays

Drug Abuse Essays Drug Abuse Paper Drug Abuse Paper Drug Abuse is one of the most common criminal cases in the society today. It is a form of substance abuse, just like alcoholism, since these illicit drugs are actually addictive in nature. Because of this, many people who are hooked on drugs cannot easily let go of the addiction, and would often lead to drug-related crimes like robbery, physical assault, or even murder. Not only does these drugs dangerous to others, but it is also harmful in the drug users’ body, causing the body to take into negative turns, like deterioration and organ failures. One of the most common drugs in the society today is Marijuana. It is known scientifically as the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, where the leaves are being dried up, rolled into sheets of paper and be smoked just like cigarette or tobacco. It is the most often used illegal drug in the world, known in various names all over, like â€Å"pot,† â€Å"herb,† and â€Å"Mary Jane. † Some users can make use of marijuana by mixing it into food substances or drink it by brewing it with tea. The addictive element of marijuana is its Tetrahydrocannabinol or THC content. The effect of marijuana would depend on how strong or how potent is its Tetrahydrocannabinol content, thus also giving various effects on the marijuana users (Psychology Today, 2002). When a person smokes or inhales marijuana smoke, he would usually feel rapid heart beats, loss of coordination and decreased sense of balance, slow reaction rate and a dry mouth. These are already signs of marijuana intoxication, along with the expansion of blood vessels in the eye, that’s why marijuana users usually have red eyes. The effects of marijuana would usually last two to three hours, where the marijuana user would usually tend to be sleepy. The negative effects of using marijuana would be hindering the user’s short term memory, wherein it would be difficult for him to remember recent events. This would usually lead to car crashes and other accidents, since their sense of coordination is greatly affected. Another dangerous drug would be cocaine. This drug’s effect on the body is really damaging, where addiction to cocaine could bring about permanent damages in one’s body or even death. Cocaine has both short term and long term effects. The short term effects are immediately noticeable, but not that damaging as compared to the long term ones. Because the reward system that drugs activate are usually activated for things that are ecessary for survival the body naturally wants to continue to access this reward system leading to excessive drug use and eventually an addiction. As a person starts to do drugs more and more often a persons tolerance, or the amount of that drug they need to get high increases. When a person does drugs constantly their brain is constantly being filled with dopamine which is the neurotransmitter that most drugs cause a release of. The brain adapts to the constant flooding of dopamine by producing less dopamine or reducing the number of dopamine receptors in the reward part of the brain. This results in the drug and ther aspects of life to become less fun or pleasurable. The change in life now makes life seem not as good leading the person to need to do more and more of that drug just to feel normal again. To keep reaching the high they want the person needs to keep increasing the amount of that drug they are doing until eventually it gets to the point that they need the drugs Just to feel normal again. Different drugs can lead to different addictions and an addiction that a person has can be a physical addiction or a psychological addiction. People who are usually recognized as drugs addicts are people with physical addictions. Many drugs such as nicotine, heroin, and meth cause severe physical addictions that are hard to overcome. When a person has a physical addiction their bodies will experience actual health issues if that person does not keep doing the drug they are addicted to. When people are physically a001ctea to a arug tney wlll Teel SICK ana tnelr oodles wlll nurt IT tney can not ao tne drug. The pain and sickness felt when not doing a drug that a person is addicted to is withdrawal. When dealing with a physical addiction withdrawal can be anywhere from a small headache to very severe problems depending on what it is your body is ddicted to. Withdrawal to some drugs like alcohol can cause seizures which can actually kill the person. Other drugs like caffeine Just cause a small headache in the morning. Often people with a physical addiction to a drug also have a psychological addiction to it. To help get over a physical addiction a person usually needs to go to a detox center and work with professionals, A physical addictions is not to be taken lightly and people with this problem usually need help from other to get over their addiction. Only drugs that actually contain addictive substances can cause physical ddictions and once addicted it can be very hard for a person to stop. Some drugs however can still cause an addiction even if the drug itself has no addictive properties inside it. Unlike with a physical addiction a person with a psychological addiction will not actually have a reaction in their body due to not having the drug but they can still mentally develop an extreme want for it. Psychological addictions are more common in people who abuse drugs like marijuana. Marijuana itself has no substance inside of it that are actually addictive but the brain can still develop a esire for the dopamine that marijuana releases making a person want to do it. Some people say that this is not a real addiction however because a person can develop a psychological addiction to anything. A person with a psychological addiction can usually Just kick the addiction themselves or have a friend help monitor them but sometimes seek professional help anyways. Although not as severe as a physical addiction a psychological addiction can still negatively affect a persons life. People who have really bad addictions are usually easy to identify buy some people with inor addictions can not be spotted unless a person knows the symptoms of an addiction. People with addictions often get confused about things when they are sober because they can not think straight often leading to angry outbursts at people who they actually do care about. People with addictions also often get angry when confronted about their problems. People with addictions cant usually say no to drugs when offered no matter what the consequences are. People with addictions also often try and hide it from their families as well as losing interest in things they use to like that dont have to do with drugs. People with addictions also often neglect to eat and lose interest in having a good physical appearance. People with an addiction also try and find an excuse to do drugs all the time so they dont have to face themselves with wondering whether or not they have an addiction. People who miss work or school to do drugs or people who cannot function properly without doing drugs are also people who have addictions. People often ask if drug addiction can be genetic and the simple answer is nobody really knows. People who do drugs while pregnant also do get the baby addicted to drugs but that is from actually having the rugs in its bloodstream making it non genetic. Although there has never been a gene identified to cause addiction or make a person more or less likely to do drugs it may be harder for some people to quit once they start. People might genetically have certain traits that make it harder to become addicted such as not having as many withdrawal problems or disliking drugs that make other people feel good. Although people mlgnt nave tnese tralts tney can stlll Decome aaalctea to arugs even IT no one in their family has ever done a single drug Just like a person can never do drugs even f they come from a long line of drug addicts. Genetics does not play a big role in drug addiction and besides possibly giving certain traits to help a person resist drug addiction, drug addiction itself has not be proved to be genetic. There are certain conditions however that make a person more likely to do drugs and eventually become addicted. People who have easy access to getting drugs through people such as family or friends are more likely to continue to do them often and become addicted. People who live in a culture where drug abuse is accepted or encouraged also have a higher chance of becoming addicted. People who live a stressful lifestyle either economically or emotionally are more likely to seek a reliever which usually leads to drug abuse and eventually addiction. People with low self esteem might also feel peer pressure to do drugs or might resort to drugs to help them get over their shyness and make new friends. People with health problems such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia or anxiety are also more likely to try drugs and because of their mental health are also more susceptible to becoming addicted. Drug abuse does not start as an addiction but rather becomes one over time. There are four stages of drug abuse which lead from time to time abuse to addiction. The first stage is the experimental stage. During this stage a person is usually doing the drug to have a good time with their friends and may enjoy doing it because it is against the rules. It starts to get bad in the stage of regular usage. During this stage people might do it to ease their pain daily or start missing school and work to do drugs as well as increasing tolerance. A person might start to change their friends and drift away from family during this stage. The drug abuse gets even worse and starts to ecome an addiction in the daily stage. During this stage a person usually loses all motivation when it comes to things like school and work. People start to put drugs before everything even their relationships and often become drug dealers to support the habits. The final stage is dependence and is the stage of full blown addiction. During this stage a person can not function properly without doing drugs. They often sell all their stuff to support their addiction and often lose their family and friends and become suicidal or develop many mental health problems. Drug use may not start as much but eventually it may become drug abuse and finally an addiction. Many people first start taking drugs through a legal prescription. Many people who are injured are prescribed painkillers and many people who believe they have mental health problems are prescribed anti-depressants. Some people break the dose rules but even many people who follow it form a small addiction which leads them to try and milk out their prescription for as long as possible. By the time that they are no longer able to legally get these drugs they are already addicted which eads to them having to find a new way to gain access to these drugs. Many people also start doing drugs to try and escape from the problems they have in their lives. Depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, or even family problems can lead people to replace the lows of their lives with getting high. The emotional letdown of when the drug wears off makes these problems even worse and leads to people doing more drugs more often to escape these problems. While poverty isnt technically a cause of drug abuse people who are poor are statistically more likely to do drugs. The lack of pportunlty In poor nelgnoornooas leads to tnere Delng lots 0T arug dealers maKlng it easy to access drugs. Because of the increased drug dealing and trafficking through those neighborhoods people are more likely to become drug users and eventually drug addicts. Professional athletes also often abuse drugs however they abuse a different kind of drug and for different reasons. Professional athletes only can be successful if they are good and so to be as good as possible they often abuse performance enhancing drugs. To keep up with other athletes who are doing it many athletes do some form of PED. These drugs usually produced good results but can only be maintained if the drug use is also maintained. This cycle often leads to an addiction or a need to find something even stronger to boost performance. For whatever reason a person started to abuse drugs and weather they have a physical or a psychological addiction and no matter what stage of abuse there in drug addictions are bad and people with them often need help. Although the decision to take drugs for the first time is a personal choice, eventually the brain changes to reduce self control and their ability to resist that drug. Drug addiction is a complex roblem and scientists are Just beginning to understand how to successfully assess and treat a drug addiction. Many people who have drug addictions have lost the ability to help themselves and cannot quit the drug they are doing even if they want to. Any kind of drug addiction is bad and needs to be taken seriously before it either becomes worse or leads to death. About nine percent of the American population over 12 has abused drugs before in their lifetime and many of those abusers will eventually become addicts. Drug abuse will often lead to an addiction and once addicted it will take more than Just good intentions to quit.

Probabilities for Dihybrid Crosses in Genetics

Probabilities for Dihybrid Crosses in Genetics It may come as a surprise that our genes and probabilities have some things in common. Due to the random nature of cell meiosis, some aspects to the study of genetics is really applied probability. We will see how to calculate the probabilities associated with dihybrid crosses. Definitions and Assumptions Before we calculate any probabilities, we will define the terms that we use and state the assumptions that we will work with. Alleles are genes that come in pairs, one from each parent. The combination of this pair of alleles determines the trait that is exhibited by an offspring.The pair of alleles is the genotype of an offspring. The trait exhibited is the offsprings phenotype.Alleles will be considered as either dominant or recessive. We will assume that in order for an offspring to display a recessive trait, there must be two copies of the recessive allele. A dominant trait may occur for one or two dominant alleles. Recessive alleles will be denoted by a lower case letter and dominant by an upper case letter.An individual with two alleles of the same kind (dominant or recessive) is said to be homozygous. So both DD and dd are homozygous.An individual with one dominant and one recessive allele is said to be heterozygous. So Dd is heterozygous.In our dihybrid  crosses, we will assume that the alleles we are considering are inherited independently of one another.In all examples, both parents are heterozy gous for all of the genes being considered.   Monohybrid Cross Before determining the probabilities for a dihybrid cross, we need to know the probabilities for a monohybrid cross. Suppose that two parents who are heterozygous for a trait produce an offspring. The father has a probability of 50% of passing on either of his two alleles. In the same way, the mother has a probability of 50% of passing on either of her two alleles. We can use a table called a Punnett square to calculate the probabilities, or we can simply think through the possibilities.  Each parent has a genotype Dd, in which each allele is equally likely to be passed down to an offspring.  So there is a probability of 50% that a parent contributes the dominant allele D and a 50% probability that the recessive allele d is contributed.  The possibilities are summarized: There is a 50% x 50% 25% probability that both of the offsprings alleles are dominant.There is a 50% x 50% 25% probability that both of the offsprings alleles are recessive.There is a 50% x 50% 50% x 50% 25% 25% 50% probability that the offspring is heterozygous. So for parents who both have genotype Dd, there is a 25% probability that their offspring is DD, a 25% probability that the offspring is dd, and a 50% probability that the offspring is Dd. These probabilities will be important in what follows. Dihybrid Crosses and Genotypes We now consider a dihybrid cross.  This time there are two sets of alleles for parents to pass on to their offspring.  We will denote these by A and a for the dominant and recessive allele for the first set, and B and b for the dominant and recessive allele of the second set.   Both parents are heterozygous and so they have the genotype of AaBb. Since they both have dominant genes, they will have phenotypes consisting of the dominant traits.  As we have said previously, we are only considering pairs of alleles that are not linked to one another, and are inherited independently. This independence allows us to use the multiplication rule in probability.  We can consider each pair of alleles separately from each other.  Using the probabilities from the monohybrid cross we see: There is a 50% probability that the offspring has Aa in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has AA in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has aa in its genotype.There is a 50% probability that the offspring has Bb in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has BB in its genotype.There is a 25% probability that the offspring has bb in its genotype. The first three genotypes are independent of the last three in the above list.  So we multiply 3 x 3 9 and see that there are these many possible ways to combine the first three with the last three.  This is the same ideas as using a tree diagram to calculate the possible ways to combine these items. For example, since Aa has probability 50% and Bb has a probability of 50%,  there is a 50% x 50% 25% probability that the offspring has a genotype of AaBb.  The list below is a complete description of the genotypes that are possible, along with their probabilities. The genotype of AaBb has probability 50% x 50% 25% of occurring.The genotype of AaBB has probability 50% x 25% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of Aabb has probability 50% x 25% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of AABb has probability 25% x 50% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of AABB has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring.The genotype of AAbb has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring.The genotype of aaBb has probability 25% x 50% 12.5% of occurring.The genotype of aaBB has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring.The genotype of aabb has probability 25% x 25% 6.25% of occurring. Dihybrid Crosses and Phenotypes Some of these genotypes will produce the same phenotypes.  For example, the genotypes of AaBb, AaBB, AABb, and AABB are all different from each other, yet will all produce the same phenotype.  Any individuals with any of these genotypes will exhibit dominant traits for both traits under consideration.   We may then add the probabilities of each of these outcomes together: 25% 12.5% 12.5% 6.25% 56.25%.  This is the probability that both traits are the dominant ones. In a similar way we could look at the probability that both traits are recessive.  The only way for this to occur is to have the genotype aabb.  This has a probability of 6.25% of occurring. We now consider the probability that the offspring exhibits a dominant trait for A and a recessive trait for B.  This can occur with genotypes of Aabb and AAbb.  We add the probabilities for these genotypes together and have18.75%. Next, we look at the probability that the offspring has a recessive trait for A and a dominant trait for B.  The genotypes are aaBB and aaBb.  We add the probabilities for these genotypes together and have a probability of 18.75%.  Alternately we could have argued that this scenario is symmetric to the early one with a dominant A trait and a recessive B trait. Hence the probability for this outcomes should be identical. Dihybrid Crosses and Ratios Another way to look at these outcomes is to calculate the ratios that each phenotype occurs.  We saw the following probabilities: 56.25% of both dominant traits18.75% of exactly one dominant trait6.25% of both recessive traits. Instead of looking at these probabilities, we can consider their respective ratios.  Divide each by 6.25% and we have the ratios 9:3:1.  When we consider that there are two different traits under consideration, the actual ratios are 9:3:3:1. What this means is that if we know that we have two heterozygous parents, if the offspring occur with phenotypes that have ratios deviating from 9:3:3:1, then the two traits we are considering do not work according to classical Mendelian inheritance.  Instead, we would need to consider a different model of heredity.

Sociology - Discuss the argument that the family is in decline Essay

Sociology - Discuss the argument that the family is in decline - Essay Example school of thought contests this view and a third argument states that nothing has changed and that the family unit remains largely unchanged (Gillies, 2003). This paper explores the argument that the family is in decline. Firstly, a definition of family will be provided. Secondly, three theoretical perspectives will be presented in regards to the family being in decline. Finally, a conclusion will synthesize the main points raised in this paper, and provide recommendations for future research. Defining what a family is is a highly contentious issue. In 1949 George Murdock defined a family as a group of people that includes two of both sexes, at least tow of who have a legally sanctioned relationship, and one or more children. This view was upheld by functionalist theorists such as Parsons and Goode (Parsons & Bales 1955, Goode 1963 cited in Levy, Widmer, & Kellerhals, 2002). However, over time the variety of families in industrialised societies has increased dramatically, hence its definition has been modified. Macionis and Plummer (2002) define a family as a social institution that can be found to exist in all societies. The function of the institution being to unite people into a cooperative group, to enable survival and raising of children, socialization of children and a regulation of the sexual activity of the people within the group. The family unit being a social group of two or more people who may be related through blood or marriage, or through adoption or by vir tue of cohabitation or family by choice, and so share in the economic and social responsibilities (Macionis & Plummer, 2002). In 21st globalised society numerous forms of family structure exist: the nuclear family remains, with two parents and children, although the term has been extended to include same sex couples who may not be married; the reconstituted family that combines two one-parent families; single-parent families; and the extended family which may be â€Å"vertical† in that